The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Published online by Cambridge University Press: They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. See below. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. 18091. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. } No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. These are huge areas. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Any proof of their numbers? Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400BC, though they were agricultural. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Oliver and Mathew, op. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. [1] The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013.