1. According to its dynamic viscosity, to which one of these fluids corresponds? The lifting force can be calculated as, = (10 m3) [(1.205 kg/m3) - (0.946 kg/m3)] (9.81 m/s2), Fl = lifting force - change in gravity force (weight) (N), dm = Vd = change of mass in the balloon (kg), d = change in density due to temperature difference (kg/m3). The temperature is specified in degrees Applications and Design This page allows the user to enter two temperature-viscosity points, and a target temperature. The Universal and Individual Gas Constants in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Churchill Correlation (friction factor) 3. Enthalpy change and temperature rise when heating humid air without adding moisture. In ISO 8217 the reference temperature for a residual fluid is 100oC. We don't save this data. Maximum cooling tower efficiency is limited by the cooling air wet-bulb temperature. Data table : variation of gases viscosity as a function of temperature Note : Approximate values selection. Convert Customer Gas Flow Rate unit of measure to a standard unit of measure for air flow (SCFM or SCCM). analysis of the Example 1: at 5050 feet elevation, 95 deg F air temp, 29.45 inches-Hg barometric pressure and a dew point of 67 deg F, the Density Altitude is calculated as 9252 feet. calculates the kinematic viscosity by dividing the dynamic viscosity by the gas . If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. from the Most common fluids - both liquids and gases - are Newtonian fluids. Fluid Velocity in pipes 5. The It is brought to you by STF Solutions. The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity used to predict whether a flow is laminar or turbulent, and is defined as the ratio of inertial to viscous forces in a fluid . change value. Explore. temperature Enter the pressure (Pa) and Temperature (K), and the calculator should produce an estimate for the specific heat capacities, thermal conductivity, and density. air viscosity versus pressure. Mechanical Tolerances Specs Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. The van der Waals constants for more than 200 gases used to correct for non-ideal behavior of gases caused by intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by the gas particles. Degree Engler is used in Great Britain as a scale to measure kinematic viscosity. Calculator description. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. A Shear Thickening Fluid - or Dilatant Fluid - increases the viscosity with agitation or shear strain. The dynamic viscosity coefficient divided by the density is called the Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. A fluid where the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain - is designated as a Newtonian Fluid. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. As an object moves through a gas, the gas molecules stick to the surface. Finishing and Plating To = reference temperature in degrees Rankine white on blue boxes. Due to IT a shearing force is generated in the fluid between the This standard atmosphere calculator is based on the 1976 model of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976_Std_Atm_NASA-TM-X-74335. Gas viscosity is computed using Sutherland's formula (Crane, 1988): = o * (a/b)* (T/To) 3/2 a = 0.555T o + C b = 0.555T + C where = viscosity in centipoise at input temperature T o = reference viscosity in centipoise at reference temperature T o T = input temperature in degrees Rankine T o = reference temperature in degrees Rankine The calculator is valid for pressure values between 1 - 250 bara and temperature values between 80 - 2500 K. Viscosity is an important fluid property when analyzing liquid behavior and fluid motion near solid boundaries. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. g = 0.7; H 2 S = 7%; CO 2 = 10%; p = 2,010 psia; T = 75F. confusing, the boundary layer may Air - Density and Specific Volume vs. Altitude, Air - Density vs. Pressure and Temperatures, Air - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient vs. SI and imperial units. of these effects to other forces present in the This is because the viscosity and surface tension of water is greater than that of air. Dry air is a mixture of gases where the average molecular weight (or molar mass) can be calculated by adding the weight of each component. On this page, we examine the viscosity of a gas. Here is a little calculator for calculating the properties of air. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Saturation pressure and maximum water content in compressed air. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Graph of viscosity changes with temperature for common gases Top 5 Most Popular 1. The following are tutorials for running Java applets on either IDE: AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. We don't save this data. Relative Humidity, Moist Air - Transforming the Mollier Diagram to a Psychrometric Chart - or vice versa, Moist Air - Water Vapor and Saturation Pressure, Non-ideal gas - Van der Waal's Equation and Constants, Outdoor Temperatures and Relative Humidity - US Winter and Summer Conditions, Relative Humidity in Production and Process Environments, Water - Saturation Pressure vs. The Reynolds number is calculated from: For information on Sutherlands law, see the post on the topic.If you found this useful, and have the need for more, visit www.stfsol.com. Rankine: The shearing of the flow of air creates a of the atmosphere, airspeed conversions, and basic aerodynamic quantities on a reference body. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. One of STF Solutions specialties is providing our clients with custom software developed for their needs. References for gas viscosity The Aerospaceweb.org Atmospheric Properties Calculator computes conditions The formula for the dynamic viscosity is given by = T A rotary viscometer is a popular instrument, used to measure dynamic viscosity. Power Transmission Tech. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. For hydrocarbon vapors and natural gases, input temperature T is restricted to the Then: where A is the area of the moving surface. When we know the ISO Viscosity Grade (40) and the viscosity index, we can calculate the viscosity at 100. needed. near the boundary layer are often unsteady (changing in time). The flow of gas reacts to the edge of the boundary layer as if it was the . 2 . To improve this 'Viscosity conversion Calculator', please fill in questionnaire. The lifting force can be calculated as, = 10 [m3] *(1.205 - 0.946) [kg/m3]*9.81 [m/s2] = 25.4 [N], Fl = lifting force - change in gravity force (weight) [N]ag =acceleration of gravity (9.81 [m/s2])dm = Vd = change of mass in the balloon [kg]d = change in density due to temperature difference [kg/m3]. HVAC Systems Calcs With agitation cream becomes butter and candy compounds. Online calculator with figures and tables showing air thermal conductivity vs. temperature and pressure. The shearing stress between the layers of a non turbulent fluid moving in straight parallel lines can be defined for a Newtonian fluid as, = (1). Aerodynamic forces depend in a complex way on the viscosity of the gas. All rights reserved. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. For air, D. M. Sutherland provides an equation for the dependence on temperature T : mu = mu0 * ( (T / T0)^1.5) * ( (T0 + 198.72) / (T + 198.72)) + Inspector General Hotline Air-handling ductwork cross-section design. s and the kinematic viscosity 15.7 cSt. the Reynolds number of the experiment and flight are close, then we Online calculator, figures and tables with dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity for air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600C (-150 to 2900F) and at pressures ranging 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psia) - SI and Imperial Units. Calculate the Viscosity index of an oil when you know the viscosities at 40 and 100. Recommended indoor comfort temperatures vs. outdoor temperatures. Unlike the Saybolt and Redwood scales, the Engler scale is based on comparing the flow of the substance being tested to the flow of another substance - water. (740) 707-2614 airflow of 600 CFM. Moist Air - Psychrometric Table for Pressure 29.92 inHg. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. Density is the ratio of the mass to the volume of a substance: = m/V [1], where = density, units typically [kg/m3] or [lb/ft3]m = mass, units typically [kg] or [lb]V = volume, units typically [m3] or [ft3]. Since the Stoke is a large unit it is often divided by 100 into the smaller unit centiStoke (cSt) - where. 28. The Reynolds Number formula is: "Re = VD/ " or "Re = VD/v " where " V " is the fluid velocity, " D " is the characteristic distance, " " is the fluid density, " " is the kinematic viscosity, and " " is the dynamic viscosity both of which can be acquired from data tables. Online calculator, figures and tables showing density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficients of air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600 C (-140 to 2900 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. The temperature of the surrounding air is 20 oC. Temperature shall be between 70K and 1400K or 203C and 1127C. National Institute of Standards and The impact of pressure is minor, and the viscosity correction for pressure is less than security concerns, many users are currently experiencing problems running NASA Glenn Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Beam Deflections and Stress Dry and wet bulb temperatures, saturation pressure, water vapor weight, specific volume, heat and more. Machine Design Apps The shear resistance in a fluid is caused by inter-molecular friction exerted when layers of fluid attempt to slide by one another. these effects, aerodynamicists use Prandtl number for air vs. temperature and pressure. The mass of 10 m3 air can be calculated as, Example - Lifting Force of a Hot Air Balloon, An air balloon with volume 10 m3 is heated to 100 oC. Saybolt Universal Seconds is also called the SSU number (Seconds Saybolt Universal) or SSF number (Saybolt Seconds Furol). Calculating heat removed with air by measuring the wet bulb temperature. The viscosity of air, at atmospheric pressure is the following : Air viscosity at 0c = 0.01722 mPa.s Air viscosity at 25c = 0.0186 mPa.s 2. are disturbed and move around the object. Accurate thermophysical properties are available for We don't save this data. sleek version Psychrometric chart in I-P Units for low temperature at sea level and barometric pressure 29.921 inHG. Plastics Synthetics Follow the links below to get values for the listed properties of air at varying pressure and temperature: See also more about atmospheric pressure, and STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure,as well as Thermophysical properties of: Acetone, Acetylene, Ammonia, Argon, Benzene, Butane, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Ethane, Ethanol, Ethylene, Helium, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Pentane, Propane, Toluene, Water and Heavy water, D2O. Kinematic Viscosity Unit Conversion Calculator. like latex paint, behave as "thick" liquids without shear, and very "thin" If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. The impact of pressure is minor and the viscosity Vibration Engineering The value of the dynamic viscosity coefficient is found to be a constant with wind tunnel Design & Manufacturability Please contact us for consulting or questions about gas viscosity. not linearly proportional to the velocity gradient. equation for other common gases. Then hit "calculate", and our air flow rate calculator will do the rest. Materials and Specifications dependence on temperature T: mu = mu0 * ((T / T0)^1.5) * ((T0 + 198.72) / (T + 198.72)). See also other properties of Air at varying temperature and pressure: Density and specific weight at varying temperature, Density at varying pressure, Diffusion Coefficients for Gases in Air, Prandtl Number, Specific heat at varying temperature and Specific heat at varying pressure,Thermal Conductivity,Thermal Diffusivity, Properties at gas-liquid equilibrium conditions and Air thermophysical properties at standard conditions and Composition and molecular weight, as well as dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ammonia, benzene, butane, carbon dioxide, ethane, ethanol, ethylene, methane, methanol, nitrogen, oxygen, propane and water. The mass of 10 m3 air can be calculated as, m = 10 [m3] * 1.205 [kg/m3] = 12.05 [kg], Example - Lifting Force of a Hot Air Balloon, An air balloon with volume 10 m3 is heated to 100 oC. The viscosity on this page is the dynamic (absolute) viscosity. At the bottom of the page there are some examples of calculations using hot and cold air. Geopotential altitude. Calculate the percentage of each of two oils to be mixed to obtain a desired viscosity at a specific temperature Note the viscosities of the two oils and your desired viscosity. Relative humidity in moist air is the ratio of partial vapor pressure to air pressure. Room Sensible Heat Factor - RSHF - is defined as the sensible heat load divided by the total heat load in a room, Sensible heat is dry heat causing change in temperature but not in moisture content. Note that, Three types of devices are used to measure viscosity. and Accessibility Certification, + Equal Employment Opportunity Data Posted Pursuant to the No Fear Act, + Budgets, Strategic Plans and Accountability Reports. The viscosity at the target temperature is calculated when you click the 'calculate' button. Density and specific weight of air at 1 atmosphere pressure, at temperatures given as C: kilogram/cubic meter [kg/m3] = gram/liter [g/l], kilogram/liter [kg/l] = gram/cubic centimeter [g/cm3]= ton(metric)/cubic meter [t/m3], once/gallon(US liquid) [oz/gal(US liq)] pound/cubic inch [lb/in3], pound/cubic foot [lb/ft3], pound/gallon(UK) [lb/gal(UK)], pound/gallon(US liquid) [lb/gal(US liq)], slug/cubic foot [sl/ft3], ton(short)/cubic yard [ton(short)/yd3], ton(long)/cubic yard [yd3], Example - Mass of Air at Temperature 100 oC, From the table above - the density of air is 0.946 kg/m3 at 100 oC. Other gases If we are considering an aircraft, we can think of the drag coefficient as being composed of two main components; a basic drag coefficient which includes the effects of skin friction and shape . From a detailed where = specific weight, units typically [N/m3] or [lbf/ft3]m = mass, units typically [g] or [lb]g = acceleration due to gravity, units typically [m/s2] and value on Earth usually given as 9.80665 m/s2 or 32.17405 ft/s2V = volume, units typically [cm3] or [ft3] = density, units typically [g/cm3] or [lb/ft3]Tabulated values and density units conversion are given below the figures. observed that, for most gases, the shear stress is directly proportional to the Absolute or dynamic viscosity is used to calculateReynold's Number to determine if a fluid flow is laminar, transient or turbulent. Learn how your comment data is processed. Absolute viscosity - coefficient of absolute viscosity - is a measure of internal resistance. of the gas. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. 1.8 . Hardware, Metric, ISO Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. 3. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Air density and specific weight at atmospheric pressure: Air density at ambient temperature and pressure: Air density at varying pressure and temperature: Air density at gas-liquid equilibrium pressure: Air thermal expansion coefficient at atmospheric pressure: Density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficient of air at 1 atmosphere pressure, at temperatures given as F: For full table specific weight and thermal expansion coefficient - rotate the screen! 1988. These data include the following: Please follow the steps below to select the data required. Two input options are modeled, you can either provide: altitude and ambient temperature. Please select the desired standard state convention. Air - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity - Online calculator, figures and tables with dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity for air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600C (-150 to 2900F) and at pressures ranging 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psia) - SI and Imperial Units. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide. o = reference viscosity in centipoise at reference Temperature and Pressure, Air - Thermal Diffusivity vs. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. The flow of gas reacts to the edge of the boundary layer as if Calculate the Ball's Density You'll need to first find out how dense your ball is. state of the gas No garanty for correctness. Lubrication Data Apps Relative humidity in moist air can estimated by measuring the dry and wet bulb temperature. and on the Our air density calculator is able to use one of these values to compute the other, or you can also use our dew point calculator. Read More: Unit of Resistance Unit of Specific Resistance Surface Energy The boundary layer is very important in determining the They appear thick or viscous but are possible to pump quite easily. only available along the saturation curve. correctly modeled. If inertial forces (flow rate) are much bigger, and Reynolds number is higher than critical, Re > 2320, fluid flow is turbulent, and if viscous forces are big enough in comparison to . correction for pressure is less than 10% for the gases in our calculation for pressures up of the program which loads faster on your computer and does not include these instructions. Physics 9) Saturation pressure of water vapor in moist air vs. temperature. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. The mass of 10 m3 air can be calculated as, wherem = mass [kg]V = volume [m3] = density [kg/m3], Example - Mass of Air at Temperature 20 oC, From the table above - thedensity of air is 1.205 kg/m3 at 20 oC. viscosity is not computed. We don't save this data. + Text Only Site model the physics of the real problem and predict incorrect levels of Theviscosityof afluidis a measure of itsresistanceto gradual deformation byshear stressortensile stress. from the graph on page A-5 in Crane (1988), performing linear interpolation if given at sea level stanfard conditions. aerodynamicists rely on Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! For example, enter "10" to see the effect of a 10 increase above the | Contact, Home liquids when subjected to shear. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Online calculator with figures and tables showing specific heat (Cp and Cv) of dry air vs. temperature and pressure. As an object moves through a gas, the gas molecules stick to the surface. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. This method has largely been replaced by the kinematic viscosity method. Air viscosity in between -100 and 500c How the air viscosity change with temperature ? CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. LMNO@LMNOeng.com https://www.LMNOeng.com, LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations). If the input temperature is outside the valid range, an error message is printed and USA. To make things more So first, you'll need to weigh the ball to get the mass in kilograms. This version includes the lower atmosphere below an altitude of forces are generated between the gas and the object. Air Type: Choose a Calculation Air pressure Air temperature Calculate Reset Feedback Advertising In this kinematic viscosity of air calculator, you can easily examine the relationship between the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of air. If we denote the subtracted to model a hot or cold day. Compressor Power Calculation 2. For further definitions, go toAbsolute (dynamic) and kinematic viscosity. However, the most common unit of viscosity is the dyne-second per square centimeter (dyne s/cm 2) where 1 dyne = 10 -5 N. Properties of air change along the boiling and condensation curves (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). Calculate the oil viscosity at 100 when you only know the ISO viscosity (viscosity at 40) and the viscosity index. Power Law is another approximation to calculate viscosity and is given by ( 1. Athens, Ohio 45701 USA Manufacturing Processes We don't collect information from our users. This is a free app that can be used offline on mobile devices. Viscosity models for mixtures. If the Results are blank, make sure Javascript is enabled in your browser settings. If you are an experienced user of this calculator, you can use a ; Solution. The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Its Associated Gases at Oil Field Temperatures and Pressures, No. is linearly proportional to the velocity gradient. The Great Sensible Heat Factor is the ratio sensible to total heat in a cooling coil. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. For other gases, input temperature must be at least absolute zero (0 K). similarity parameters ratios Estimate the amount of steam required (lb/h in 100 cfm) in humid air. Equation (1) is known as the Newtons Law of Friction. ft/h. We don't collect information from our users. Air can be humidified by adding water or steam. contact us. timeVaryingFixedUniformValue: Time-Varying Cylinder Motion in Cross-flow: Tips for tackling the OpenFOAM learning curve, Compressible Aerodynamics Calculator Matlab App, Automatic Airfoil C-Grid Generation for OpenFOAM Rev 1, Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer Numerical Solution, Solving for your own Sutherland Coefficients using Python, Creating curves in blockMesh (An Example), Creating synthetic Schlieren and Shadowgraph images in Paraview. A Bingham Plastic Fluid has a yield value which must be exceeded before it will start to flow like a fluid. The viscosity of a fluid is highly temperature dependent - and for dynamic or kinematic viscosity to be meaningful the reference temperature must be quoted. Heat gain from persons in air conditioned spaces - in btu/hr. the aerodynamic forces. Airflow is expressed as a simple number. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Enter the inputs as in the input sections and click on the calculate button to get output air density in no time. gradient of the velocity between the surfaces: where y is the distance between the surfaces and V is the LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Thermodynamic properties of dry air - specific heat, ratio of specific heats, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, Prandtl number, density and kinematic viscosity at temperatures ranging 175 - 1900 K. Density and specific volume of dry air and water vapor at temperatures ranging 225 to 900 degF (107 to 482 degC). curiosityFluids is a website, blog, and resource for open source computational fluid dynamics. Online calculator with figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ammonia for temperatures ranging -50 to 425 C (-50 to 800 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Psychrometric chart for air at barometric pressure 29.921 inches of Mercury and temperature ranging 20oF to 120oF. Kinematic viscosity = = 1.0034 mm/s. h) 27. layer of air near the surface, called a The viscous forces You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Note! Ductwork specific pressure loss calculation. Air-handling plant area calculation. The dynamic viscosity equals the product of the sum of Sutherland's constant and the reference temperature divided by the sum of Sutherland's constant and the temperature, the reference viscosity and the ratio to the 3/2 power of the temperature to reference temperature. An external force F must be applied to the moving The pressure in a mixture of dry air and water vapor - humid or moist air - can be estimated by using Daltons Law of partial pressures. temperatures and viscosities were selected from CRC (1984, pp.F-42-44). There are two related measures of fluid viscosity. Tabulated values and viscosity units conversion are given below the figures. Example: Air conditioner has a max. Netbeans backspace over the input value, type in your new value, and This creates a layer of air near the surface, called a boundary layer, which, in effect, changes the shape of the object. Example : Suppose you're designing a scuba tank where the air pressure is 3000 psi (pounds per square inch) and the volume (or the "capacity") of the tank is 70 cubic feet. This could include calculations for air flow in a pipe, drag force or drag coefficient calculations for flow of an object through air, and any other calculation requiring the . = kinematic viscosity (ft2/s) = absolute or dynamic viscosity (cP) = specific weight (lb/ft3) Viscosity and Reference Temperature The viscosity of a fluid is highly temperature dependent - and for dynamic or kinematic viscosity to be meaningful the reference temperature must be quoted. 3. magnitude of the shearing force by the Greek letter tau. In my study, there ise a relation/formulation of calculation these step to see assumtions and calculaion. The change in gravity force (weight) of the air volume is the potential lifting force of the balloon. Absolute (dynamic) and kinematic viscosity, Density and specific weight at varying temperature, Properties at gas-liquid equilibrium conditions, Air thermophysical properties at standard conditions, Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Online Converter, Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Unit Converter, 1 cP = 0.001 Pa s = 0.01 P = = 0.01 g/(cm sec) = 6.72197x10, 1 lb/(ft h) = 0.00027778 lb/(ft s) = 0.00041338 Pa s = 0.0041338 P = 0.41338 cP, 1 lb/(ft s) = 3600 lb/(ft h) = 1.48816 Pa s = 14.8816 P = 1488.16 cP, 1 P = 1 g/(cm s) = 0.1 Pa s = 100 cP = 0.067197 lb/(ft s) = 241.909 lb/(ft h). The density of the air can be estimated with the Ideal Gas Law, = (1 105 N/m2) / ( (287 J/(kg K)) ((273 oC) + (33 oC)) ), The absolute viscosity can be calculated as, Kinematic viscosity can be converted from SSU to Centistokes with, Centistokes = 0.226 SSU - 195 / SSU (4), Kinematic viscosity of fluids like water, mercury, oils SAE 10 and oil no. Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb and Dew Point temperatures can be used to determine the state of humid air. The SI actual unit of dynamic viscosity () is Pascal-second (Pa s), which also can be represented as 1 kg m -1 s -1. altitude. Gears Design Engineering The change in state wwhen mixing moist air - enthalpy, heat, temperature and specific humidity. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Reynolds number Re then becomes: where L is some characteristic length of the problem. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Welding Stress Calculations (1.5.4.10) m i x 0.2 0.0000203 0.2 1.0 + 0.8 1.0024 + 0.8 0.00001754 0.2 0.996 + 0.8 1.0 0.0000181 [ N s e c m 2] Engineering Forum 2003-2023 LMNO Engineering, Research, and