Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. This article is available in print.Vol. The Kassite and post-Kassite kings granted land to temples, members of the royal family, and functionaries. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. D.O. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, Archiv fr Orientforschung 18,1957-58, pp. Later rule shifted to the new city of Dur-Kurigalzu. They had encountered many different kingdoms and tribes before they reached their destination. Kassite period. 14155, Hjlund, Flemming. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. Required fields are marked *. 11119, Pedersn, Olof. R. Zadok, The Origin of the Name Shinar, ZA 74, 1984, pp. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. 91-113. This was followed by Dynasty II of Isin (1169-1039 b.c. A. It was located near the Euphrates River . They eventually detached themselves from the Babylonian state and its urban centers, probably because they were unpaid or unprovisioned. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. Hittite, member of an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce; by 1340 bce they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East. J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. Like the Sumeriancs, no one knows for sure where they came from. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that. And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the starsall the heavenly arraydo not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven. Bible History - C. 1404-1062 BC From the beginning, we have great leaders of the people such as Abraham, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. 8, line 46; 9, 41). Under the later Kassite kings political authority was weakened as peripheral provinces detached themselves from effective state control (see Brinkman, 1963, pp. Many endure rather than enjoy reading these two chapters. Volume 2 Kardunia. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. Most of the documentation (ca. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. M. Heinz, Migration und Assimilation im 2. 2, 2021, pp. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. Ghent and Chicago: The University of Ghent and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 59, no. ; De Smet, 1990; De Graef, 1998, pp. Because I thought I believe so different from everyone else. Volume 1 Kardunia. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Thus Rameses means to come from Ra and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus he was drawn from the water. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. The Kassites took refuge in the mountains but were brought down and resettled, in standard Assyrian practice, in Hardispi and Bit Kubatti, which were made part of the Arrapha district. 10 f., is cautious and allows for the alternative Ka-a-i-i Bi-ma-ti-i, thereby keeping Bimat apart from the Kassites). Kings with Kassite names appeared on the middle Euphrates during the 17th century BCE. [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. (c)linking his wealth to the traditional system (d)damaging the economy beyond repair (e)permanently reforming corrupt temple priest in egypt (a)the invention of monotheism Which of the following is true of the rule of Akhenaten? There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. The Babylonian Empire. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). 11-15). Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. 55, pp. The Kassite kings appear to have been members of a small military aristocracy but were apparently efficient rulers and not locally unpopular. 471-589. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. 1, 2006, pp. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). There is very little evidence for serious political problems before the thirteenth century BC when Assyria to the north and Elam to the east began to threaten Babylonia, and eventually brought an end to Kassite control. Elam is recorded in history at the time of Sagron of Akkad around 2300 BC where it is listed on the Bible Timeline. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On the Seal Impressions on Some Old Babylonian Tablets Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. Balkan, 1954, pp. The Assyrians were great warriors. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Who were the kassites in the Bible? These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. Your email address will not be published. The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, Yanoam is made non-existent. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. Abraham was from the city of Ur according to Genesis 11:31 above. 403-10. [28][29] A typical treaties include the EgyptianHittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c. 1410 BC). Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. The Kassites abandoned their own culture after a couple of generations of dominance, allowing themselves to be absorbed into Babylonian civilization. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Ghent, 1998. They were divided into three main tribes, the Bit-Dakkuri, the Bit-Amukani, and the Bit-Jakin, against whom the Assyrians waged war in the ninth century B.C. [3] history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 135-38. 04 Mar 2023. It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. 685685, Malko, Helen. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). All the mayors have Babylonian names. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). Once Kassite rulers were finally overthrown, they never regained power. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. 8, 1966, pp. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. Babylonian Pottery in the Kassite Period". Gezer has been captured; Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The Kassites influenced Babylonian culture after they took over the city-state. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. "Kassite." Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. "2. W. Eilers, rev. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." 111, no. A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The Kassites - Bible History The Kassites You are here: Home Ancient Babylonia Old Babylonian Period (2000 - 1595 BC) The Kassites Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. No, King David Never Danced Naked Before The Lord, Top 10 Worst Christian Fashions And Clothing. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. . According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. 354 f.). of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. 1-14. Kassites. Kassite toponyms refer to three polities in western Media, viz., Nahi-marti, Bt-Kilamzah, and Bt-Kubatti. 17 f.). At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceedings of the 42th RAI [1995], Leuven, 1999, pp. In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. Kassite traditions endured mostly in the private and familial spheres (see Heinz, 1995, p. 165). However, tribal organization was not strange to the Babylonian society itself also in the Middle Babylonian period (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Moses' two brothers, Korah and Aaron, were Horite . A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. Museum, B. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . 209-23. Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243 - 1207 B.C.) The Babylonian empire founded by Hammurabi was overthrown by the Kassites (whose origins are unknown) in 1595 BCE, the conquest following a Hittite invasion that sacked Babylon but did not stay to rule over it.Over the following centuries, the Kassites successfully . 229-244, Brinkman, J. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. 131 f.). Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. How Long In Prison? Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. Jahresband, 1969, pp. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). K. Balkan, Kassitenstudien, 1: Die Sprache der Kassiten, American Oriental Series 37, New Haven, 1954. and ruled the area for 576 years. Isin in the Kassite Period". Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. The event is recorded in Genesis 12. 2, 2006, pp. "16. Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . This time period is the same time period we read about in Joshua and Judges (though, some scholars disagree on the exodus timing). They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. The names of some Kassite deities are known. B. Learn facts that you cant learn just from reading the Bible Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. Your email address will not be published. While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. This event saw the conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great and marked the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Thereafter, Kassite groups and individuals are recorded in northern Babylonia, especially around Sippar Yahrurum (see Zadok, 1987, pp. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. 11, No. 3, 1973, pp. Idem, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, Analecta Orientalia 43, Rome, 1968. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. Adding the years given by the King List to that date would place the beginning of the dynasty in the 18th century BCE, when rulers of the Hammurabi dynasty controlled Babylon.
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