Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. Among the 10 dictatorship countries profiled, poverty is endemic. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. Nearly half of dictatorships start as a military coup, though others have been started by foreign intervention, elected officials ending competitive elections, insurgent takeovers, popular uprisings by citizens, or legal maneuvering by autocratic elites to take power within their government. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. Hybrid dictatorships are regimes that have a combination of these classifications. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. [104] A one-party communist dictatorship was formed in Cuba when a US-backed dictatorship was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, creating the only Soviet-backed dictatorship in the western hemisphere. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. The leaders of dictatorships are not outwardly identified as dictators when other people are addressing them. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a vote of no confidence. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. [15] If the dictator has not seized power through a political party, then a party may be formed as a mechanism to reward supporters and to concentrate power in the hands of political allies instead of militant allies. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. [140] Elections are also used to control elites within the dictatorship by requiring them to compete with one another and incentivizing them to build support with the populace, allowing the most popular and most competent elites to be promoted in the regime. The dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain , from 1939 to 1975. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. ], Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by Alvarez in 1996,[5] and the Democracy and Development (or DD measure, ACLP dataset) proposed by Przeworski et al. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. The fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in Italy , from 1943 to 1945. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. The role of dictator was created for instances when a single leader was needed to command and restore stability. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of Maoism. Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. He all but eradicated corruption. Kim Jong-Il (1.6 million deaths) Kim Jong-il in 2010. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. Explore a few of the famous ones. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. Latin America's new generation of dictators. W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of Atatrk, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Francisco Franco, Mao Tse-tung, Juan Pern, Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah, and Charles de Gaulle, could appear in history as the age of plebiscitary dictatorship. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. Allowing the opposition to have representation in the regime, such as through a legislature, further reduces the likelihood of terrorist attacks in a dictatorship. 1. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. People who are for dictatorship say it provides for a more stable government, helps abolish corruption, and is more efficient in emergencies. Factions or divisions among the elites will mitigate their ability to bargain with the dictator, resulting in the dictator having more unrestrained power. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. Poverty alleviation in these 10 dictatorship countries is in some cases associated with human rights abuses, violent crackdowns on the political opposition and indigenous people. [29][30] The use of ruling parties also provides more legitimacy to its leadership and elites than other forms of dictatorship[31] and facilitates a peaceful transfer of power at the end of a dictator's rule. But by 1995, all the countries in the region, with the notable . In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. Francois Duvalier (1907 - 1971) The Haitian dictator, also known as Papa Doc, governed the Americas' poorest country from 1957 to he died in 1971. Political culture: 5.00. 3. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Albania - Communist Regime 3. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . [10] Political scientist Juan Jos Linz identifies a spectrum of political systems with democracies and totalitarian regimes separated by authoritarian regimes with varied classifications of hybrid systems. Negative effects include the unraveling of social organizations and democratic institutions and the prohibition of other political parties. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. (Image Wikipedia) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. [97], The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. [26], A dictatorship may fall because of a military coup, foreign intervention, negotiation, or popular revolution. The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy.
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